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- At Significantly Higher Risk
- • Men over 60.
- • Long-term drinkers, especially in whites.
- • Long-term smokers (more common in blacks than in whites).
- • Smokers who drink alcohol (more common in blacks than in whites).
- • Pickled vegetable consumption.
- • Individuals with muscle spasm (achalasia) or chronic stricture.
- • Barrett's esophagus with esophagitis— inflammation of the esophagus related to a chronic backup of stomach
- acid with bile (gastric reflux) causing "heartburn." This may also develop from a malfunction of the
- gastroesophageal valve that results in backup (reflux) of stomach acid. The male-to-female ratio is 5 to 1 for
- adenocarcinoma .
- • Other causes of esophageal injury, such as lye ingestion or possibly long-term consumption of very hot
- beverages.
-
- At Lower Risk
- • Mormons and Seventh-Day Adventists who monitor their diets and neither drink nor smoke.